ozi

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Enwere ike nweta cellulose nanofibers (CNF) site na isi mmalite ndị dị ka osisi na eriri osisi.Ihe mejupụtara resin thermoplastic nke CNF nwere ọtụtụ ihe, gụnyere ike ọrụ dị mma.Ebe ọ bụ na ihe eji arụ ọrụ nke CNF na-eme ka ihe mgbagwoju anya na-emetụta ọnụ ọgụgụ nke eriri agbakwunyere, ọ dị mkpa iji chọpụta ntinye nke CNF filler na matrix mgbe ịgbanye injection ma ọ bụ extrusion ịkpụzi.Anyị kwadoro ezigbo mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ntinye CNF na ntinye terahertz.Anyị nwere ike ịchọpụta ọdịiche dị na mkpokọta CNF na 1% isi site na iji terahertz ngalaba spectroscopy oge.Na mgbakwunye, anyị nyochara akụrụngwa akụrụngwa nke CNF nanocomposites site na iji ozi terahertz.
Cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) bụ ihe na-erughị 100 nm na dayameta ma na-esite na isi mmalite ndị dị ka osisi na osisi fibers1,2.CNF nwere ike igwe dị elu3, nghọta anya dị elu4,5,6, nnukwu ebe elu, yana ọnụọgụ mgbasawanye ọkụ dị ala7,8.Ya mere, a na-atụ anya na a ga-eji ha dị ka ihe na-adịgide adịgide ma dị elu na ngwa dị iche iche, gụnyere ngwá electronic9, ọgwụ ahụike10 na ihe ụlọ11.Ngwakọta ndị ejiri UNV mesie ike dị ọkụ ma sie ike.Ya mere, ihe ndị mejupụtara CNF nwere ike inye aka melite arụmọrụ mmanụ ụgbọala n'ihi ịdị arọ ha.
Iji nweta arụmọrụ dị elu, nkesa otu CNF na hydrophobic polymer matrices dị ka polypropylene (PP) dị mkpa.Ya mere, ọ dị mkpa maka nyocha nke na-adịghị emebi emebi nke ihe mgbagwoju anya na CNF kwadoro.Nnwale na-adịghị emebi emebi nke ngwakọta polymer ka akọpụtala 12,13,14,15,16.Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, nyocha nke na-adịghị emebi emebi nke ihe ndị na-eme ka CNF kwadoro na-adabere na X-ray computed tomography (CT) ka akọpụtala 17.Otú ọ dị, ọ na-esiri ike ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti CNF site na matrices n'ihi ọdịiche dị ala dị ala.Nyocha akara nrịbama fluorescent18 na nyocha infrared19 na-enye ọhụụ doro anya nke CNF na ndebiri.Agbanyeghị, anyị nwere ike nweta naanị ozi elu.Ya mere, ụzọ ndị a chọrọ igbutu (nnwale mbibi) iji nweta ozi dị n'ime.Ya mere, anyị na-enye ule na-adịghị emebi emebi dabere na teknụzụ terahertz (THz).Terahertz ebili mmiri bụ ebili mmiri electromagnetic nwere frequencies sitere na 0.1 ruo 10 terahertz.Terahertz ebili mmiri na-apụta ìhè na ihe.Karịsịa, polymer na ihe osisi na-apụta ìhè na ebili mmiri terahertz.A kọwala nyocha nke nghazi nke polymers kristal mmiri mmiri21 na nha nrụrụ nke elastomers22,23 site na iji usoro terahertz.Na mgbakwunye, nchọpụta terahertz nke mmebi osisi kpatara site na ụmụ ahụhụ na ọrịa fungal na osisi egosila24,25.
Anyị na-atụ aro ka iji usoro nyocha nke na-adịghị emebi emebi iji nweta ihe eji arụ ọrụ nke ihe mejupụtara CNF na-eji teknụzụ terahertz.N'ime ọmụmụ ihe a, anyị na-enyocha ihe ngosi nke terahertz nke CNF-reinforced composites (CNF / PP) ma gosipụta iji ozi terahertz na-eme atụmatụ nchịkọta nke CNF.
Ebe ọ bụ na a kwadebere ihe atụ ndị ahụ site na ịkpụzi injection, ọ nwere ike imetụta ha site na polarization.Na fig.1 na-egosi mmekọrịta dị n'etiti polarization nke terahertz wave na nghazi nke sample.Iji kwado ndabere polarization nke CNF, a na-atụle ihe ndị ha na-ahụ anya dabere na vetikal (Fig 1a) na polarization kwụ ọtọ (Fig 1b).Dịka, a na-eji ndị na-emekọrịta ihe na-achụsasị CNF n'otu n'otu na matriks.Agbanyeghị, amụbeghị mmetụta nke compatibilizers na nha THz.Nleta njem na-esi ike ma ọ bụrụ na nnabata terahertz nke compatibilizer dị elu.Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, ihe ndị na-ahụ anya THz (ntụgharị uche na ntinye ntinye) nwere ike imetụta site na ntinye nke compatibilizer.Na mgbakwunye, enwere polypropylene homopolymerized na igbochi polypropylene matrices maka ihe mejupụtara CNF.Homo-PP bụ naanị polypropylene homopolymer nwere ezigbo isi ike na nguzogide okpomọkụ.Mgbochi polypropylene, nke a makwaara dị ka mmetụta copolymer, nwere mmetụta nguzogide dị mma karịa homopolymer polypropylene.Na mgbakwunye na homopolymerized PP, ngọngọ PP nwekwara akụkụ nke ethylene-propylene copolymer, na akụkụ amorphous enwetara site na copolymer na-arụ ọrụ yiri nke ahụ na rọba n'inyocha ujo.Ejighị spectra terahertz tụnyere.Ya mere, anyị buru ụzọ mee atụmatụ THz ụdịdị dị iche iche nke OP, gụnyere compatibilizer.Na mgbakwunye, anyị tụlere specta terahertz nke homopolypropylene na igbochi polypropylene.
Eserese atụmatụ nke nha nnyefe nke ihe mejupụtara CNF gbasiri ike.(a) polarization kwụ ọtọ, (b) polarization kwụ ọtọ.
A na-akwado ihe atụ nke ngọngọ PP site na iji maleic anhydride polypropylene (MAPP) dị ka ihe mmekọ (Umex, Sanyo Chemical Industries, Ltd.).Na fig.2a,b na-egosi ntụzịaka ntụgharị THz enwetara maka oghere kwụ ọtọ na kwụ ọtọ, n'otu n'otu.Na fig.2c, d na-egosi ọnụọgụ absorption nke THz enwetara maka oghere kwụ ọtọ na kwụ ọtọ, n'otu n'otu.Dị ka e gosiri na fig.2a-2d, ọnweghị nnukwu ọdịiche dị n'etiti terahertz optical Properties (ntụgharị aka refractive na absorption coefficient) maka vetikal na kehoraizin polarizations.Na mgbakwunye, compatibilizers enwechaghị mmetụta na nsonaazụ nke nnabata THz.
Njirimara anya nke ọtụtụ PP nwere mkpokọta compatibilizer dị iche iche: (a) index refractive enwetara n'ụzọ kwụ ọtọ, (b) ntụzịaka nke enwetara n'ụzọ kwụ ọtọ, (c) ọnụọgụ absorption enwetara na ntụgharị kwụ ọtọ, na (d) ọnụọgụ nnabata enwetara. na kehoraizin direction.
Anyị mechara tụọ ngọngọ-PP dị ọcha na homo-PP dị ọcha.Na fig.Ọnụọgụ 3a na 3b na-egosi akara ntugharị THz nke nnukwu nnukwu PP dị ọcha yana PP dị ọcha, enwetara maka polarization vetikal na kehoraizin, n'otu n'otu.Ndekọ ntụgharị nke ngọngọ PP na homo PP dịtụ iche.Na fig.Ọnụọgụ 3c na 3d na-egosi ọnụọgụ absorption nke THz nke PP dị ọcha na homo-PP dị ọcha enwetara maka oghere kwụ ọtọ na kwụ ọtọ, n'otu n'otu.Achọpụtaghị ihe dị iche n'etiti ọnụọgụ absorption nke ngọngọ PP na homo-PP.
(a) ngọngọ PP refractive index, (b) homo PP refractive index, (c) ngọngọ PP ọnụọgụ ọnụọgụ, (d) ọnụọgụ nnabata nke homo PP.
Na mgbakwunye, anyị tụlere ihe ndị mejupụtara na CNF mesiri ike.Na nha THz nke ihe mejupụtara CNF, ọ dị mkpa iji kwado mgbasa nke CNF na ihe ndị mejupụtara.Ya mere, anyị buru ụzọ nyochaa mgbasa nke CNF n'ime ihe ndị mejupụtara site na iji imaging infrared tupu anyị atụlee akụrụngwa na terahertz ngwa anya.Kwadebe akụkụ obe nke ihe nlele site na iji microtome.Enwetara onyonyo infrared site na iji sistemụ onyonyo Attenuated Total Reflection (ATR) (Frontier-Spotlight400, mkpebi 8 cm-1, nha pikselụ 1.56 µm, mkpokọta 2 ugboro/pixel, nha nha 200 × 200 µm, PerkinElmer).Dabere na usoro nke Wang et al.17,26 tụrụ aro, pikselụ ọ bụla na-egosiputa uru nke enwetara site na kewaa mpaghara 1050 cm-1 kacha elu site na cellulose site na mpaghara 1380 cm-1 sitere na polypropylene.Ọnụ ọgụgụ 4 na-egosi ihe oyiyi maka ịhụ anya nkesa nke CNF na PP gbakọrọ site na nchịkọta absorption nke CNF na PP jikọtara ọnụ.Anyị chọpụtara na e nwere ọtụtụ ebe a na-achịkọta CNF nke ukwuu.Na mgbakwunye, agbakọrọ ọnụọgụ nke mgbanwe (CV) site n'itinye nzacha nkezi nwere nha windo dị iche iche.Na fig.6 na-egosi njikọ dị n'etiti nha windo nzacha na CV.
Nkesa akụkụ abụọ nke CNF na PP, gbakọọ site na iji ọnụọgụ absorption nke CNF ruo PP: (a) Block-PP / 1 wt.% CNF, (b) ngọngọ-PP/5 wt.% CNF, (c) ngọngọ. -PP/10 wt% CNF, (d) ngọngọ-PP/20 wt% CNF, (e) homo-PP/1 wt% CNF, (f) homo-PP/5 wt% CNF, (g) homo -PP /10wt.%% CNF, (h) HomoPP/20 wt% CNF (lee Ozi Mgbakwụnye).
Ọ bụ ezie na ntụnyere n'etiti mkpokọta dị iche iche adịghị mma, dị ka egosiri na Fig 5, anyị hụrụ na CNF na ngọngọ PP na homo-PP gosipụtara mgbasasị nso.Maka mkpokọta niile, ewezuga 1 wt% CNF, ụkpụrụ CV erughị 1.0 nwere mkpọda gradient dị nro.Ya mere, a na-ewere ha dị ka ndị gbasasịrị.N'ozuzu, ụkpụrụ CV na-adịkarị elu maka obere windo na obere mkpokọta.
Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti nha windo nzacha na nkesa mgbasa ozi nke ọnụọgụ absorption integral: (a) Block-PP/CNF, (b) Homo-PP/CNF.
Ngwongwo anya terahertz nke ihe ngwakọta ejiri CNF kwadoro.Na fig.6 na-egosi njirimara anya nke ọtụtụ PP / CNF composites nwere iche iche CNF.Dị ka e gosiri na fig.6a na 6b, n'ozuzu, terahertz refractive index nke ngọngọ PP na homo-PP na-abawanye na ịba ụba CNF.Otú ọ dị, ọ siri ike ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ihe atụ nwere 0 na 1 wt.% n'ihi ndakọta.Na mgbakwunye na ntugharị refractive, anyị kwenyekwara na ọnụọgụ nnabata nke terahertz nke nnukwu PP na homo-PP na-abawanye na ntinye CNF na-abawanye.Na mgbakwunye, anyị nwere ike ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ihe atụ na 0 na 1 wt.% na nsonaazụ nke ọnụọgụ absorption, n'agbanyeghị ntụziaka nke polarization.
Ngwongwo anya nke otutu PP/CNF composites nwere otutu CNF dị iche iche: (a) ihe nrịbama nke ngọngọ-PP / CNF, (b) ntinye aka nke homo-PP / CNF, (c) absorption coefficient of block-PP/CNF, ( d) ọnụọgụ nnabata homo-PP/UNV.
Anyị kwadoro mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ntinye THz na ntinye uche CNF.E gosipụtara mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ntinye CNF na ọnụọgụ absorption nke THz na Fig.7.Ihe mgbochi-PP na homo-PP gosipụtara mmekọrịta dị mma n'etiti ntinye THz na ntinye uche CNF.Enwere ike ịkọwa ihe kpatara nke a dị mma linearity dị ka ndị a.Dayameta nke eriri UNV dị obere karịa nke ogologo ikuku terahertz.Ya mere, ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na ọ dịghị agbasasị ebili mmiri terahertz na nlele ahụ.Maka ihe nlele na-agbasaghị, nnabata na itinye uche nwere mmekọrịta ndị a (iwu Beer-Lambert)27.
ebe A, ε, l, na c bụ absorbance, molar absorptivity, irè ụzọ ogologo nke ìhè site sample matrix, na ịta, karị.Ọ bụrụ na ε na l na-adịgide adịgide, absorption dabara na ntinye uche.
Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti absorption na THz na CNF ịta ahụhụ na linear kwesịrị ekwesị nwetara site na nke kacha nta square ụzọ: (a) Block-PP (1 THz), (b) Block-PP (2 THz), (c) Homo-PP (1 THz) , (d) Homo-PP (2 Hz).Ahịrị siri ike: square kacha nta dabara adaba.
A na-enweta ihe eji arụ ọrụ nke ihe mejupụtara PP / CNF na mkpokọta CNF dị iche iche.Maka ike nkwụsị, ike na-ehulata, na modul na-ehulata, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ihe atụ bụ 5 (N = 5).Maka ike mmetụta Charpy, nha nlele bụ 10 (N = 10).Ụkpụrụ ndị a kwekọrọ n'ụkpụrụ ule mbibi (JIS: Japanese Industrial Standards) maka ịlele ike igwe.Na fig.Ọnụọgụ 8 na-egosi mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe na ntinye uche CNF, gụnyere atụmatụ atụmatụ, ebe e nwetara atụmatụ site na 1 THz calibration curve egosiri na Figure 8. 7a, p.A na-akpa nkata ndị ahụ dabere na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti mkpokọta (0% wt., 1% wt., 5% wt., 10% wt. na 20% wt.) na akụrụngwa akụrụngwa.A na-esepụta ihe ndị a na-agbasasị na eserese nke mkpokọta gbakọọ na ihe eji arụ ọrụ na 0% wt., 1% wt., 5% wt., 10% wt.na 20% wt.
Ngwongwo akụrụngwa nke ngọngọ-PP (akara siri ike) na homo-PP (akara dashed) dị ka ọrụ nke ntinye uche CNF, ntinye uche CNF na ngọngọ-PP na-eme atụmatụ site na ọnụọgụ absorption THz enwetara site na vertical polarization (triangles), CNF itinye uche na ngọngọ- PP PP A na-eme atụmatụ ntinye uche CNF site na ọnụọgụ absorption nke THz enwetara site na polarization kwụ ọtọ (okirikiri), a na-eme atụmatụ ntinye uche CNF na PP metụtara ya site na ntinye ntinye nke THz nke enwetara site na polarization vetikal (diamond), ntinye CNF na ihe metụtara ya. A na-eme atụmatụ PP site na THz enwetara site na polarization kwụ ọtọ A na-atụ anya ọnụọgụ absorption (squares): (a) ike ike, (b) ike mgbanwe, (c) modul mgbanwe, (d) Ike mmetụta na-egbuke egbuke.
N'ozuzu, dị ka e gosiri na Fig. 8, ihe eji arụ ọrụ nke ngọngọ polypropylene composites dị mma karịa homopolymer polypropylene composites.Ike mmetụta nke ngọngọ PP dị ka Charpy na-ebelata na mmụba na ntinye nke CNF.N'ihe gbasara ngọngọ PP, mgbe PP na CNF nwere masterbatch (MB) jikọtara ya ka ọ bụrụ ihe mgbagwoju anya, CNF na-ejikọta ya na ụdọ PP, Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ ụdọ PP jikọtara ya na copolymer.Na mgbakwunye, a na-egbochi mgbasa.N'ihi ya, a na-egbochi copolymer mmetụta na-anakọta mmetụta site na CNF agbasasịghị nke ọma, na-ebute mbelata nguzogide mmetụta.N'ihe banyere homopolymer PP, CNF na PP na-agbasasị nke ọma na usoro netwọk nke CNF na-eche na ọ bụ ọrụ maka ịkwanye.
Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, a na-atụle ụkpụrụ ntinye uche nke CNF na-egosi njikọ dị n'etiti ihe eji arụ ọrụ na ntinye uche CNF n'ezie.Achọpụtara nsonaazụ ndị a na-adabereghị na polarization terahertz.N'ihi ya, anyị nwere ike na-enweghị ike ichoputa ihe eji arụ ọrụ nke ihe mejupụtara CNF, n'agbanyeghị terahertz polarization, na-eji nha terahertz.
Ihe mejupụtara resin thermoplastic nke CNF nwere ọtụtụ ihe, gụnyere ike ọrụ dị mma.Ngwongwo ihe eji eme ihe nke CNF na-agbanye ike na-emetụta ọnụọgụ nke eriri agbakwunyere.Anyị na-atụ aro ka itinye usoro nnwale na-adịghị emebi emebi site na iji ozi terahertz iji nweta akụrụngwa akụrụngwa nke ihe mejupụtara na CNF mesiri ike.Anyị achọpụtala na ndị na-emekọrịta ihe na-agbakwunye na mkpokọta CNF anaghị emetụta nha THz.Anyị nwere ike iji ọnụọgụ absorption na oke terahertz maka nyocha na-adịghị emebi emebi nke ihe eji arụ ọrụ nke ihe mejupụtara CNF, n'agbanyeghị polarization na oke terahertz.Na mgbakwunye, usoro a na-emetụta UNV block-PP (UNV/block-PP) na UNV homo-PP (UNV/homo-PP).N'ime ọmụmụ ihe a, a kwadebere ihe atụ CNF nke nwere ezigbo mgbasa ozi.Agbanyeghị, dabere na ọnọdụ nrụpụta, CNF nwere ike ịgbasa nke ọma na ngwakọta.N'ihi ya, ihe eji arụ ọrụ nke ihe mejupụtara CNF dara njọ n'ihi mgbasasị adịghị mma.Enwere ike iji Terahertz imaging28 nweta nkesa CNF na-adịghị emebi emebi.Otú ọ dị, a na-achịkọta ozi dị na ntụziaka miri emi na nkezi.THz tomography24 maka nrụgharị 3D nke ihe owuwu dị n'ime nwere ike kwado nkesa omimi.Ya mere, imaging terahertz na terahertz tomography na-enye ozi zuru ezu nke anyị nwere ike iji nyochaa mmebi nke akụrụngwa nke CNF inhomogeneity kpatara.N'ọdịnihu, anyị na-eme atụmatụ iji terahertz imaging na terahertz tomography maka ihe mejupụtara CNF-ike.
Sistemụ nha THz-TDS dabere na laser femtosecond (ọnụ ụlọ okpomọkụ 25 Celsius C, iru mmiri 20%).A na-ekewa eriri laser femtosecond n'ime mgbapụta mgbapụta na nyocha nyocha site na iji ihe nkesa beam (BR) iji mepụta na ịchọpụta ebili mmiri terahertz, otu.Oghere mgbapụta ahụ na-elekwasị anya na emitter (antịnụ foto).Oghere terahertz emepụtara na-elekwasị anya na saịtị nlele.N'úkwù nke oghere terahertz lekwasịrị anya dị ihe dịka 1.5 mm (FWHM).Oghere terahertz na-agafe na nlele ahụ wee jikọta ya.Oghere agbakọtara na-erute onye nnata (enten conductive).N'ime usoro nyocha nke THz-TDS, a na-atụgharị mpaghara eletriki terahertz natara nke akara nrụtụ aka na akara ngosi na mpaghara oge ka ọ bụrụ mpaghara eletriki nke ngalaba ugboro dị mgbagwoju anya (dịka Eref (ω) na Esam (ω))), site na. a ngwa ngwa Fourier mgbanwe (FFT).Enwere ike igosipụta ọrụ nnyefe mgbagwoju anya T (ω) site na iji nha 29 na-esonụ
ebe A bụ njupụta nke njupụta nke nrịbama na nrịbama, na φ bụ ọdịiche nke oge n'etiti nrịbama na nrụtụ aka.Mgbe ahụ enwere ike gbakọọ index n(ω) na absorption coefficient α(ω) site na iji nha anya ndị a:
Nchịkọta data ewepụtara na/ma ọ bụ nyochara n'oge ọmụmụ ihe dị ugbu a dị site n'aka ndị edemede dị iche iche na arịrịọ ezi uche dị na ya.
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